Investors who seek to enter private equity or venture capital have terminology with which they should be familiar, including “carried interest.” The term can ultimately affect their personal bottom line, so it is particularly important. But what is carried interest, and how does it work? That and more are covered below.
Used primarily by those in the $4.5 trillion private equity industry, carried interest is a contractual right that gives a fund’s general partner (GP) the right to share in the fund’s profits. In other words, carried interest is the compensation earned by investment managers on their fund’s performance.
Private equity funds are generally structured as what are called limited partnerships, each with a GP and limited partners (LP). While the general partner establishes, administers, and manages the fund, they also manage the investments. The LPs serve as fund investors.
GPs generally make most of their money through management fees and carried interest, although there is usually other compensation involved such as a salary.
Note that the term “carried interest” goes back to the 1500s when trans-oceanic ship captains would commonly take 20% “interest” from whatever profits were yielded from whatever cargo they carried.
Typically amounting to 20% of a fund’s returns, carried interest is the main income source of general partners, who pass such gains on to fund managers. In addition, some general partners levy a 2% annual management fee.
But before a GP can claim its portion of “carry,” the investors must back the amount of capital they put in the fund. Note, too, that:
Note this example of how carried interest is calculated:
Say XYZ Private Equity Fund has a total investment of $100 million and a hurdle rate of 8%. Its final value after all assets were liquidated was $140 million. Its GP performance fee is 20%. Because the final fund value surpasses the 8% hurdle rate, the general partner is entitled to the carried interest.
The calculations are:
Total fund profits = Final value – Total investment = $140 m – $100 m = 40m
Carried interest = Total profit *Performance fee
= ($40 m) * (20%)
= $8m
The LPs get the remaining profits of $32m.
Carried interest is generally private equity fund partners’ chief income source. While such earnings generally place the partners in high tax brackets, carried interest is usually treated as long-term capital gains, meaning it is taxed at 20 percent if held longer than three years. Ordinary income, on the other hand, is subject to a top rate of 37%.
While short-term capital gains tax rates and ordinary income rates are the same, ordinary taxpayers can garner long-term capital gains favor – if an investment is held for more than a year. Such gains are taxed at the lower rate – 20% is the maximum – based on the income tax bracket of the taxpayer. Thus, the carried interest “loophole,” as it is commonly called, is the potential for a zero-percent capital gains tax rate.
For more than a decade, U.S. lawmakers have debated “carried interest,” a loophole favored by private equity as well as hedge fund managers and real estate. Some legislative proposals have sought to reform the treatment of carried interest, but to little effect.
As with most things, there are benefits and drawbacks to what is often called the carried interest loophole. As such, the main benefit is that it essentially permits fund managers to generally treat what is functionally their income as tax-favored capital gains. Note that a key justification for carried interest is that it incentivizes managers to assume large risks.
As for drawbacks, carried interest may only be earned if a fund achieves minimum returns. It can also be forfeited should the fund underperform.
Carried interest can also be earned through some alternative investments, which basically are any assets other than stocks or bonds. Such investments are increasingly popular due to their low correlation to public markets, which reduces overall volatility.
Consider Yieldstreet, a leading platform for private-market investments. In addition to offerings such as art, real estate, private credit, and transportation, the company provides access to private equity and venture capital, alternatives through which carried interest can be earned. Such offerings can give retail investors more options for generating returns outside public markets.
Another benefit of adding alternative investments to portfolios is diversification – the spreading of investments of varying asset classes to mitigate risk and volatility. In fact, diversification is an essential element of any sound investment approach.
Alternative investments can be a good way to help accomplish this. Traditional portfolio asset allocation envisages a 60% public stock and 40% fixed income allocation. However, a more balanced 60/20/20 or 50/30/20 split, incorporating alternative assets, may make a portfolio less sensitive to public market short-term swings.
Real estate, private equity, venture capital, digital assets, precious metals and collectibles are among the asset classes deemed “alternative investments.” Broadly speaking, such investments tend to be less connected to public equity, and thus offer potential for diversification. Of course, like traditional investments, it is important to remember that alternatives also entail a degree of risk.Â
In some cases, this risk can be greater than that of traditional investments.
This is why these asset classes were traditionally accessible only to an exclusive base of wealthy individuals and institutional investors buying in at very high minimums — often between $500,000 and $1 million. These people were considered to be more capable of weathering losses of that magnitude, should the investments underperform.
However, Yieldstreet has opened a number of carefully curated alternative investment strategies to all investors. While the risk is still there, the company offers help in capitalizing on areas such as real estate, legal finance, art finance and structured notes — as well as a wide range of other unique alternative investments.
Moreover, investors can get started with a relatively small amount of capital. Yieldstreet has opportunities across a broad range of asset classes, offering a variety of yields and durations, with minimum investments as low as $10,000.
While controversial, carried interest still lives. In fact, it is the general partner’s primary source of compensation, usually amounting to 20% of a fund’s returns. The gains are then passed on to fund managers as compensation and incentivization.
Remember that there are other ways to take advantage of carried interest, including through alternative investments such as private equity and venture capital.
Learn more about the ways Yieldstreet can help diversify and grow portfolios.
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